A profile of Porto-Novo, capital city of Benin, including a Porto-Novo economic and social profile, facts, history, video and tourist attractions. Before the arrival of the Europeans, modern-day Porto-Novo, situated on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, in the southeastern portion of the country, was settled by Yoruba inhabitants from Nigeria, then came the Adja people, an ethnic group native to south-western Benin and south-eastern Togo who migrated into the area in the 12th or 13th century.They called modern-day Porto-Novo 'Hogbonou' (the entrance to the big house). Around 1752, the Portuguese, wishing to bypass the monopoly of the slave trade imposed by the King of Dahomey on Ouidah, arrived in earnest, calling the settlement Porto-Novo (New Port) and developing it as a major slave trade port for their own transatlantic trade in the 18th century.
Later, during the nineteenth century, the Kingdom of Porto-Novo developed agricultural and manufactured products to replace slave activities, so in 1851, the head of this small kingdom signed a commercial and friendship treaty with the France. Then in 1863, King Sôdji signed a protectorate treaty with them to ward off the British who started bombading the city while operating out of South Nigeria. However, shortly afterwards, the French were distracted by the Franco Prussian War of 1871 which forced them to largely abandon its interests in the area as its military headed back to France. In 1883 the French navy again landed at Porto-Novo to re-establish its hegemony in the region, however this was challenged by the neighbouring Kingdom of Dahomey who objected to French involvement in the region and war broke out between the two states. A further protectorate was established under the reign of King Toffa to protect the small kingdom from Dahomey's ambitions.
The First Franco-Dahomean War in 1890 weakened the Kingdom of Dahomey while the Second Franco-Dahomean War which raged from 1892 to 1894 when King Béhanzin of Dahomey tried to conquer the smaller kingdom to incorporate it within his own, resulted in French supremacy with the area becoming a French protectorate in 1894 named Colonie de Dahomey et Dépendances ('Colony of Dahomey and Dependencies'), (which was to be incorporated into French West Africa in 1904) with Porto-Novo was its capital. The Kingdom of Porto-Novo's former royal Agasuvi dynasty was allowed to retain the title of "Chef Superieur" under this arrangement until the royal line ended in 1976 with the death of its last king (Ahosu) Alohinto Gbeffa Tofa VI. While he had a surviving son, nominally Felix Araba Tofa VII, the position had by then lapsed when Benin became a republic in 1960.
Today, Porto-Novo with its population of some 234,168, reflects Benin's diverse ethnic makeup. The Goun people are prominent, but the city also boasts a significant presence of Yoruba, Fon, and other ethnic groups. This cultural confluence is evident in the vibrant markets, the diverse culinary offerings, and the city's varied religious practices, reflecting both traditional beliefs and modern influences. The daily life of Porto-Novians is intimately tied to family and community, with a strong emphasis on tradition and respect for elders. Understanding these social nuances provides a richer appreciation for the city's unique character.
Although Porto-Novo remained as capital after independence as administrative centre of the country, the president, judiciary and most government ministers reside in the de facto capital of Cotonou, Benin's economic centre, site of the nation's national university and largest city. Despite this, Porto-Novo is steadily developing its economic infrastructure. Key sectors include agriculture, fishing, and increasingly, tourism. The city's proximity to Nigeria presents both opportunities and challenges, influencing trade and migration patterns. Small businesses thrive, and the entrepreneurial spirit is palpable. However, poverty remains a significant hurdle, and the city is actively working to create opportunities for its growing population. The bustling Dantokpa Market, while technically in Cotonou, profoundly impacts the Porto-Novo economy, with many residents travelling daily to participate in its vibrant trade.
Like many developing cities, Porto-Novo faces its share of challenges. Infrastructure development, access to clean water and sanitation, and employment opportunities remain critical priorities. Rapid urbanization also presents issues related to housing and resource management. However, the city is actively addressing these challenges through government initiatives, international aid, and the dedication of its people. A growing focus on sustainable development and eco-tourism offers a promising path towards a more prosperous and equitable future.
Beyond its historical significance, Porto-Novo offers a wealth of attractions for the discerning traveller. The Presidential Palace, a symbol of Benin's sovereignty, is a notable landmark. The Ethnographique Alexandre Sènou Adandé Museum provides insight into Benin's diverse cultures and traditions. For a glimpse into the spiritual heart of the region, a visit to the sacred forest of Ganvie, a floating village on Lake Nokoué, is an unforgettable experience. The city's vibrant markets offer a sensory overload of sights, sounds, and smells, providing a glimpse into the daily lives of Porto-Novo. The video above gives further insights into the city.
