Beyond invasive species, the lake faces a relentless assault from pollution and overexploitation. Rapid population growth around its shores, coupled with inadequate waste management infrastructure, means vast amounts of untreated sewage, industrial effluent, and agricultural runoff (laden with pesticides and fertilisers) flow directly into the lake. This nutrient overload leads to eutrophication, causing algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels, creating "dead zones" where most aquatic life cannot survive. Overfishing, driven by increasing demand and a lack of effective regulation, further exacerbates the decline of fish stocks, including the introduced Nile Perch whose own populations are now showing signs of stress.

Despite its ecological woes, Lake Victoria remains an indispensable resource for the East African countries sharing its waters. An estimated 40 million people live within its basin, with many directly dependent on the lake for their livelihoods. Fishing remains a cornerstone of the regional economy, providing employment and protein for millions. Beyond fishing, the lake supports agriculture through irrigation, facilitates trade and transport through water routes, and serves as a vital source of freshwater for domestic use. The hydroelectric power generated from the Nile's outflow is critical for the region's energy needs and industrial development. Its shores also hold significant potential for tourism, given their natural beauty and unique cultural heritage.